![]() ![]() Public doubt must be possible for both the state and the church. Thus, political freedom is absolutely necessary for mental and emotional enlightenment. In Kant's view an unthinking acceptance of what the state or church leadership tells you can only lead to oppression and a cattle-like state for the masses. Not, of course, the attitudes of all or even most, but the attitudes of a certain intellectual and cultural elite are reflected therein.įor Kant, reliance upon any authority, other than the human mind, is to be kept an intellectual child, dependent on the paternalism of civil, religious, or academic authorities. In many ways it functions as a good summary of the period's attitudes towards knowledge, the divine, authority, tradition, the individual, education, and the state. ![]() Immanuel's Kant's "What is Enlightenment" was one of his popular essays, written when he was sixty, and it comes at the end of the eighteenth century-what is sometimes regarded as the end of the Enlightenment. ![]()
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